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The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences Advance Access originally published online on September 3, 2009
The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2009 64A(12):1243-1250; doi:10.1093/gerona/glp128
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Brain Volumes, Cognitive Impairment, and Conjugated Equine Estrogens

Mark A. Espeland1, Hilary A. Tindle2, Cheryl A. Bushnell3, Sarah A. Jaramillo1, Lewis H. Kuller4, Karen L. Margolis5, W. Jerry Mysiw6, Joseph A. Maldjian7, Elias R. Melhem8, Susan M. Resnick9 and for the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study

1 Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
2 Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
3 Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
4 Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
5 HealthPartners Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
6 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus
7 Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
8 Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
9 Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland

Address correspondence to Mark A. Espeland, PhD, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. Email: mespelan{at}wfubmc.edu


  Abstract

Background: Postmenopausal conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) therapies increase the risk of cognitive impairment in women aged 65 years or older and are associated with smaller regional brain volumes; however, the link between these two phenomena has not been established.

Methods: Standardized magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 1,403 women, 1–4 years after they had participated in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials of CEE-based therapies. Women included in this report were aged 65–80 years and free of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) when originally enrolled in the trials, which lasted an average of 4–6 years and were conducted at 14 academic U.S. medical centers. The associations that regional brain volumes and ischemic lesion volumes had with the development of cognitive impairment (i.e., dementia or MCI) were contrasted between treatment groups using analyses of covariance.

Results: Fifty-three women developed MCI or probable dementia during follow-up. Among women who had been prescribed CEE-based therapies, cognitive impairment was associated with relatively smaller hippocampal (p = .0002) and total brain volumes (p = .03). Qualitatively, these associations appeared to be independent of their level of pretreatment cognitive function. Among women who had been prescribed placebo, these relationships were not evident; instead, cognitive impairment was associated with greater ischemic lesion volume in the frontal lobe (p = .007) and overall (p = .02).

Conclusion: A mechanism by which CEE-based postmenopausal hormone therapy induces cognitive impairment appears to be through increased brain atrophy.

Keywords Hormone therapy; Magnetic resonance imaging; Women's health

Received: March 22, 2009; Accepted: July 20, 2009

Decision Editor: Luigi Ferrucci, MD, PhD


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